Configuration

Creating a DMN Engine

The Flowable DMN engine is structured in a very similar way to the Flowable process engine. As a result, parts of the documentation are very similar to their process engine counterpart.

The Flowable DMN engine is configured through an XML file named flowable.dmn.cfg.xml. Note that this is not applicable if you’re using the Spring style of building a DMN engine.

The easiest way to obtain a DmnEngine, is to use the org.flowable.dmn.engine.DmnEngines class:

DmnEngine dmnEngine = DmnEngines.getDefaultDmnEngine()

This will look for a flowable.dmn.cfg.xml file on the classpath and construct an engine based on the configuration in that file. The following snippet shows an example configuration. The following sections will give a detailed overview of the configuration properties.

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

  <bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">

    <property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:h2:mem:flowable;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=1000" />
    <property name="jdbcDriver" value="org.h2.Driver" />
    <property name="jdbcUsername" value="sa" />
    <property name="jdbcPassword" value="" />

    <property name="databaseSchemaUpdate" value="true" />

    <property name="strictMode" value="false"/>

  </bean>

</beans>

Note that the configuration XML is in fact a Spring configuration. This does not mean that Flowable DMN can only be used in a Spring environment! We are simply leveraging the parsing and dependency injection capabilities of Spring internally for building up the engine.

The DMNEngineConfiguration object can also be created programmatically using the configuration file. It is also possible to use a different bean ID (for example, see line 3).

DmnEngineConfiguration.
  createDmnEngineConfigurationFromResourceDefault();
  createDmnEngineConfigurationFromResource(String resource);
  createDmnEngineConfigurationFromResource(String resource, String beanName);
  createDmnEngineConfigurationFromInputStream(InputStream inputStream);
  createDmnEngineConfigurationFromInputStream(InputStream inputStream, String beanName);

It is also possible to not use a configuration file and create a configuration based on defaults (see the different supported classes for more information).

DmnEngineConfiguration.createStandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration();
DmnEngineConfiguration.createStandaloneInMemDmnEngineConfiguration();

All these DmnEngineConfiguration.createXXX() methods return a DmnEngineConfiguration that can be further tweaked if needed. After calling the buildDmnEngine() operation, a DmnEngine is created:

DmnEngine dmnEngine = DmnEngineConfiguration.createStandaloneInMemDmnEngineConfiguration()
  .setDatabaseSchemaUpdate(DmnEngineConfiguration.DB_SCHEMA_UPDATE_FALSE)
  .setJdbcUrl("jdbc:h2:mem:my-own-db;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=1000")
  .buildDmnEngine();

DmnEngineConfiguration bean

The flowable.dmn.cfg.xml must contain a bean that has the ID 'dmnEngineConfiguration'.

 <bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">

This bean is then used to construct the DmnEngine. There are multiple classes available that can be used to define the dmnEngineConfiguration. These classes represent different environments, and set defaults accordingly. It’s best practice to select the class that most closely matches your environment, to minimize the number of properties needed to configure the engine. The following classes are currently available:

  • org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration: the process engine is used in a standalone way. Flowable will take care of the transactions. By default, the database will only be checked when the engine boots (and an exception is thrown if there’s no Flowable DMN schema or the schema version is incorrect).

  • org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneInMemDmnEngineConfiguration: this is a convenience class for unit testing purposes. Flowable DMN will take care of the transactions. An H2 in-memory database is used by default. The database will be created and dropped when the engine boots and shuts down. When using this, probably no additional configuration is needed).

  • org.flowable.dmn.spring.SpringDmnEngineConfiguration: To be used when the DMN engine is used in a Spring environment. See the Spring integration section for more information.

Plug into Process Engine

In addition to running in standalone mode it’s also possible to plug the DMN engine into the Process engine. This makes the Process engine aware of it and other engines. This enables, for example, the deployment of artifacts containing not only BPMN models, but also DMN models, to the Process engine’s deployment service API.

To make the Process engine aware of the DMN engine, the org.flowable.dmn.engine.configurator.DmnEngineConfigurator needs to be added to list of configurators in the process engine configuration.

<bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">
    <property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:h2:mem:flowable;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=1000" />
    <property name="jdbcDriver" value="org.h2.Driver" />
    <property name="jdbcUsername" value="sa" />
    <property name="jdbcPassword" value="" />
    ...
</bean>

<bean id="dmnEngineConfigurator" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.configurator.DmnEngineConfigurator">
    <property name="dmnEngineConfiguration" ref="dmnEngineConfiguration" />
</bean>

<bean id="processEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneProcessEngineConfiguration">
    <property name="configurators">
      <list>
        <ref bean="dmnEngineConfigurator" />
      </list>
    </property>
    ...
</bean>

Database configuration

There are two ways to configure the database that the Flowable DMN engine will use. The first option is to define the JDBC properties of the database:

  • jdbcUrl: JDBC URL of the database.

  • jdbcDriver: implementation of the driver for the specific database type.

  • jdbcUsername: username to connect to the database.

  • jdbcPassword: password to connect to the database.

The data source that is constructed based on the provided JDBC properties will have the default MyBatis connection pool settings. The following attributes can optionally be set to tweak that connection pool (taken from the MyBatis documentation):

  • jdbcMaxActiveConnections: The maximum number of active connections that the connection pool can contain at any time. Default is 10.

  • jdbcMaxIdleConnections: The maximum number of idle connections that the connection pool can contain at any time.

  • jdbcMaxCheckoutTime: The amount of time in milliseconds a connection can be 'checked out' from the connection pool before it is forcefully returned. Default is 20000 (20 seconds).

  • jdbcMaxWaitTime: This is a low level setting that gives the pool a chance to print a log status and re-attempt the acquisition of a connection in the case that it is taking unusually long (to avoid failing silently forever if the pool is misconfigured) Default is 20000 (20 seconds).

Example database configuration:

<property name="jdbcUrl" value="jdbc:h2:mem:flowable_dmn;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=1000" />
<property name="jdbcDriver" value="org.h2.Driver" />
<property name="jdbcUsername" value="sa" />
<property name="jdbcPassword" value="" />

Our benchmarks have shown that the MyBatis connection pool is not the most efficient or resilient when dealing with a lot of concurrent requests. As such, it is advisable to us a javax.sql.DataSource implementation (such as HikariCP, Tomcat JDBC Connection Pool, and so on) and inject it into the process engine configuration :

<bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" >
  <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" />
  <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/flowable_dmn" />
  <property name="username" value="flowable" />
  <property name="password" value="flowable" />
  <property name="defaultAutoCommit" value="false" />
</bean>

<bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">

    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
    ...

Note that Flowable DMN does not ship with a library that allows you to define such a data source. So you have to make sure that the libraries are on your classpath.

The following properties can be set, regardless of whether you are using the JDBC or data source approach:

  • databaseType: it’s normally not necessary to specify this property as it is automatically detected from the database connection metadata. Should only be specified in case automatic detection fails. Possible values: {h2, mysql, oracle, postgres, mssql, db2}. This setting will determine which create/drop scripts and queries will be used. See the 'supported databases' section for an overview of which types are supported.

  • databaseSchemaUpdate: allows you to set the strategy to handle the database schema on process engine boot and shutdown.

    • false (default): Checks the version of the DB schema against the library when the process engine is being created and throws an exception if the versions don’t match.

    • true: Upon building the process engine, a check is performed and an update of the schema is performed if it is necessary. If the schema doesn’t exist, it is created.

    • create-drop: Creates the schema when the process engine is being created and drops the schema when the process engine is being closed.

JNDI Datasource Configuration

By default, the database configuration for Flowable DMN is contained within the db.properties files in the WEB-INF/classes of each web application. This isn’t always ideal because it requires users to either modify the db.properties in the Flowable source and recompile the WAR file, or explode the WAR and modify the db.properties on every deployment.

By using JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface) to obtain the database connection, the connection is fully managed by the Servlet Container and the configuration can be managed outside the war deployment. This also allows more control over the connection parameters than what is provided by the db.properties file.

Configuration

Configuration of the JNDI datasource will differ depending on what servlet container application you are using. The instructions below will work for Tomcat, but for other container applications, please refer to the documentation for your container app.

If using Tomcat, the JNDI resource is configured within $CATALINA_BASE/conf/[enginename]/[hostname]/[warname].xml (for the Flowable UI this will usually be $CATALINA_BASE/conf/Catalina/localhost/flowable-app.xml). The default context is copied from the Flowable WAR file when the application is first deployed, so if it already exists, you will need to replace it. To change the JNDI resource so that the application connects to MySQL instead of H2, for example, change the file to the following:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <Context antiJARLocking="true" path="/flowable-app">
        <Resource auth="Container"
            name="jdbc/flowableDB"
            type="javax.sql.DataSource"
            description="JDBC DataSource"
            url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/flowable"
            driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
            username="sa"
            password=""
            defaultAutoCommit="false"
            initialSize="5"
            maxWait="5000"
            maxActive="120"
            maxIdle="5"/>
        </Context>

JNDI properties

To configure a JNDI Datasource, use the following properties in the properties file for the Flowable UI:

  • spring.datasource.jndi-name=: the JNDI name of the Datasource.

  • datasource.jndi.resourceRef: Set whether the lookup occurs in a J2EE container, in other words, if the prefix "java:comp/env/" needs to be added if the JNDI name doesn’t already contain it. Default is "true".

Custom properties

System properties can also be used in the flowable.dmn.cfg.xml by using them in the format ${propertyName:defaultValue}.

<property name="jdbcUrl" value="${jdbc.url:jdbc:h2:mem:flowable;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=1000}" />
<property name="jdbcDriver" value="${jdbc.driver:org.h2.Driver}" />
<property name="jdbcUsername" value="${jdbc.username:sa}" />
<property name="jdbcPassword" value="${jdbc.password:}" />

Using this configuration if the property jdbc.url is available then it would be used for the jdbcUrl of the DmnEngineConfiguration. Otherwise the value after the first : would be used.

It is also possible to define locations from where properties can be picked up from the system by using a bean of type org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer.

Example configuration with custom location for properties

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

  <bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer">
    <property name="location" value="file:/opt/conf/flowable.properties" />
  </bean>

  <bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">

    <property name="jdbcUrl" value="${jdbc.url:jdbc:h2:mem:flowable;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=1000}" />
    <property name="jdbcDriver" value="${jdbc.driver:org.h2.Driver}" />
    <property name="jdbcUsername" value="${jdbc.username:sa}" />
    <property name="jdbcPassword" value="${jdbc.password:}" />

    <property name="databaseSchemaUpdate" value="true" />

    <property name="strictMode" value="false"/>

  </bean>

</beans>

With this configuration the properties would be first looked up in the /opt/conf/flowable.properties file.

Supported databases

Listed below are the types (case sensitive!) that Flowable uses to refer to databases.

Flowable DMN database type Example JDBC URL Notes

h2

jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost/flowable_dmn

Default configured database

mysql

jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/flowable_dmn?autoReconnect=true

Tested using mysql-connector-java database driver

oracle

jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe

postgres

jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/flowable_dmn

db2

jdbc:db2://localhost:50000/flowable_dmn

mssql

jdbc:sqlserver://localhost:1433;databaseName=flowable_dmn (jdbc.driver=com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver) OR jdbc:jtds:sqlserver://localhost:1433/flowable_dmn (jdbc.driver=net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver)

Tested using Microsoft JDBC Driver 4.0 (sqljdbc4.jar) and JTDS Driver

Creating the database tables

Flowable DMN uses Liquibase for tracking, managing and applying database schema changes.

The easiest way to create the database tables for your database is to:

  • Add the flowable-dmn-engine JARs to your classpath

  • Add a suitable database driver

  • Add a Flowable configuration file (flowable.dmn.cfg.xml) to your classpath, pointing to your database (see database configuration section)

  • Execute the main method of the DbSchemaCreate class

Database table names explained

The database names of Flowable DMN all start with ACT_DMN_.

  • ACT_DMN_DATABASECHANGELOG: This table is used by Liquibase to track which changesets have been run.

  • ACT_DMN_DATABASECHANGELOGLOCK: This table is used by Liquibase to ensure only one instance of Liquibase is running at a time.

  • ACT_DMN_DECISION_TABLE: This table contains the metadata of the deployed decision tables.

  • ACT_DMN_DEPLOYMENT: This table contains the deployment metadata.

  • ACT_DMN_DEPLOYMENT_RESOURCE: This table contains the DMN definition resource and metadata.

Database upgrade

Make sure you make a backup of your database (using your database backup capabilities) before you run an upgrade.

By default, a version check will be performed each time a process engine is created. This typically happens once at boot time of your application or the Flowable webapps. If the Flowable library notices a difference between the library version and the version of the Flowable database tables, then an exception is thrown.

To upgrade, you have to start by putting the following configuration property in your flowable.dmn.cfg.xml configuration file:

<beans >

  <bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">
    <!-- ... -->
    <property name="databaseSchemaUpdate" value="true" />
    <!-- ... -->
  </bean>

</beans>

Also, include a suitable database driver for your database in the classpath. Upgrade the Flowable DMN libraries in your application. Or start up a new version of Flowable DMN and point it to a database that contains an older version. With databaseSchemaUpdate set to true, Flowable DMN will automatically upgrade the DB schema to the newer version the first time when it notices that libraries and DB schema are out of sync.

Deployment cache configuration

All decisions are cached (after they’re parsed) to avoid hitting the database every time a decision table is needed and because decision table data doesn’t change. By default, there is no limit on this cache. To limit the decisions cache, add following property

<property name="decisionCacheLimit" value="10" />

Setting this property will swap the default hashmap cache with a LRU cache that has the provided hard limit. Of course, the best value for this property depends on the total amount of decisions stored and the number of decisions actually used at runtime.

You can also inject your own cache implementation. This must be a bean that implements the org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.persistence.deploy.DeploymentCache interface:

<property name="decisionCache">
  <bean class="org.flowable.MyCache" />
</property>

Strict mode

By default strict mode is enabled. This means that the hit policies will act as described in the DMN 1.1 spec. It is however possible to disable strict mode.

<beans>

  <bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">
    <!-- ... -->
      <property name="strictMode" value="false"/>
    <!-- ... -->
  </bean>

</beans>

The effect will be that a result will not be invalidated when a hit policy constraint is violated. A possible violation will be logged in the audit log as a validation message.

Custom Flowable Function Delegates

Flowable DMN provides some built-in JUEL Function Delegates. By setting the customFlowableFunctionDelegates property on the dmnEngineConfiguration bean you can provide own. These can be used in expressions to execute your own logic.

<beans>

  <bean id="dmnEngineConfiguration" class="org.flowable.dmn.engine.impl.cfg.StandaloneDmnEngineConfiguration">
    <!-- ... -->
    <property name="customFlowableFunctionDelegates">
      <list>
          <bean ref="myOwnFunctionDelegateOne" />
          <bean ref="myOwnFunctionDelegateTwo" />
      </list>
    </property>
    <!-- ... -->
  </bean>

  <bean id="myOwnFunctionDelegateOne" class="org.acme.MyOwnFunctionDelegateOne" />
  <bean id="myOwnFunctionDelegateTwo" class="org.acme.MyOwnFunctionDelegateTwo" />

</beans>

Note that the custom Function Delegates must extend from org.flowable.engine.common.impl.el.AbstractFlowableFunctionDelegate.

Logging

All logging (flowable, spring, mybatis, …​) is routed through SLF4J and allows the selection of the logging-implementation of your choice.

By default no SFL4J-binding JAR is present in the flowable-engine dependencies; this should be added in your project in order to use the logging framework of your choice. If no implementation JAR is added, SLF4J will use a NOP-logger, not logging anything at all, other than a warning that nothing will be logged. For more information on these bindings http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#StaticLoggerBinder.

With Maven, for example, add a dependency like this (here using log4j), note that you still need to add a version:

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
  <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
</dependency>

The flowable-rest webapp is configured to use Log4j-binding. Log4j is also used when running the tests for all the flowable-* modules.

Important note when using a container with commons-logging in the classpath: In order to route the spring-logging through SLF4J, a bridge is used (see http://www.slf4j.org/legacy.html#jclOverSLF4J). If your container provides a commons-logging implementation, please follow directions on this page: http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#release to ensure stability.

Example when using Maven (version omitted):

<dependency>
  <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
  <artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
</dependency>
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